Antibiotics in small medicine animals

Antimicrobial agents are classified functionally according to the manner in which they adversely affect a micro-organism. Some organisms develop an ability to resist the effects of an antimicrobial agent.
Resistance against certain drugs in cases of antimicrobial treatment occurs usually as a result of prolonged growth of an organism in sublethal concentrations and the survival of the organisms which have the least innate susceptibility to the agent.
Subtherapeutic dosage used in mass medication programs as preventives against unspecific infections carry the risk of creating resistant strains.
Therefore it is reasonable to culture and identify the involved organisms and to perform a sensitivity test to determine the most appropriate antibacterial drug.
On top of that allows a distinct treatment as well in cases where the first drug of choice was not successful.
It is necessary to keep in mind clinical studies and experiences as well as results of pharmacological and toxicological characteristics.
Species, age, organ system and other features should be considered as well.
The following table shows recommended drugs, proprietary name, dosage and special characteristics and precautions. Ophthalmic drugs and drugs for topical otitis-treatments are included.

drugs (proprietary name)		therapeutic areas	dosage/ comment
1. Penicillium group (Oligopeptides)		local and systemic infection of skin or respiratory tract	not for use in ?exotic pets? Cave: allergic reaktions with Penicillium
	Penicillium (Penicillium G, Penicillium V)		10.000-20.000 I.E.(15-25mg)/kg s.c., i.m., i.v. 1-4 x daily., 8-10(-30)mg/kg p.o. tid
		Leptospira infection	25.000-40.000 I.E./kg bw i.m., i.v. bid like Streptomycin
	Oxa- und Cloxacillin (Stapenor H.M.?)		11-55 mg/kg p.o. bid/tid
	Ampicillin (Ampisan 20?, Lokalin 20?, Ampitab?)		10-25 (cat:-50)mg/kg p.o. tid 10-20 mg/kg s.c., i.m., i.v. tid birds: 50 mg/kg i.m. bid/tid 100mg/l water rodents: 25mg/kg i.m., s.c., 50-200mg/kg p.o. bid
	Amoxicillin (Clamoxyl?)			5-10mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 150mg/kg i.m., s.c., 150mg/kg p.o. 2x tgl., 200-400mg/l water 300-500mg/kg soft food rodents:100-150mg/kg i.m., s.c. bid
	Amoxicillin and Clavulanacid (Synulox?)			5-10mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 125mg/kg p.o. bid

2. Cephalosporine		UTR and skin infections	Normally no cross reaction with Penicillium, in some cases of renal faillure > nephrotoxicity
	Cephaclor (Panoral?)		20mg/kg bid (max. 750mg) if neccessary increase to tid
	Cephalexin (Cobaxim?, Rilexine?)		20-30mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 35-50mg/kg tid. p.o. reptiles: 40-80mg/kg i.m.sid at 30?C rodents: 15-30mg/kg i.m. bid/tid
	Cephoperazon (Peracef?, Cefobis?)		topic application, udder injectors, otitis

3. Tetracycline

locale and systemic infectionen, drug of choise for Ehrlichiosis, Haemo-bartonellosis, Borreliosis, infections with Chlamydia, Mykoplasma and Campylobacter

Cave: staining of teeth in juveniles

Tetracyclin

(Tetracyclin,

Terramycin?,

Aureomycin?)

10-20mg/kg p. o., 1mg/kg i.v. bid (Chlamydia infektion in cats

7 mg/kg i.v, i.m.),

rodents (excl.hamster/ guinea pig

15-30mg/kg p.o

Doxycyclin

(Doxycyclin,

Ronaxan?, Vibravenös?,

Doxirobe Gel?)

5-10mg/kg/Tag, p.o. bid

birds: 10mg/kg/Tag i.m.,

10-25mg/kg p.o. bid 100mg/kg i.m.

once a week, 500mg/l water

no suppliment of grit during treatment

reptiles: 10 mg/kg i.m. sid

5. Polypeptides

intestinal tract infections locale infections of eye and ear with Pseudomonas

(neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity)

Polymixin B

(Stoparin?, Surolan?)

2-3mg/kg p.o. bid/tid

PolymixinE /Colistin (Colistin?)

2-3mg/kg p.o. tid

6. Makrolides

infection of respiratory
and urogenital system, bone marrow, and dermal infections, Mykoplasma infections

Erythromycin (Erythromycin?, Erythrocin?)

10-20mg/kg s.c. bid

5-10mg/kg p.o. qid

Cave: vomitus in dogs

birds:20mg/kg i.m., s.c., 125mg/ml water, 200mg/kg soft food

Tylosin

(Tylosin?, Tylan?)

2-10mg/kg i.m./day, increase dosage in chronic colitis

Cave: injection pain

birds:20-40mg/kg i.m.bid., 500mg/l water, aerosol 100mg soluble in

5ml DMSO u. 10ml NaCl-solution

reptiles 25mg/kg i.m./sid at 30?C

rodents 10mg/kg bid i.m., s.c.

7. Lincosamide		infection of skin and bones, arthritis
	Lincomycin (Albiotic?)		10mg/kg i.m., 20mg/kg p.o. bid Cave: Colitis in hamsters/rabbits
	Clindamycin (Antirobe?, Sobelin?)	wound cavites- and dental infektion,	5-10mg/kg p.o. bid osteomyelitis 11mg/kg exp.rabbits dental infections 7.5 mg/kg
	Clindamycin (Antirobe?, Sobelin?)	Toxoplasmosis	5-10mg/kg p.o. tid/qid

8. Gyrase inhibitors

infection of respiratory
and urogenital system, bone and joint, Chlamydia infections.

Cave: cartilage damage in juveniles

Enrofloxacin

(Baytril?)

5mg/kg/Tag, p.o., s.c.

in Pseudomonas infections 5mg/kg bid

birds: 10-20mg/kg im, p.o. sid/bid

Marbofloxacin

(Marbocyl?)

2mg/kg i.v., s.c., p.o./sid

birds: 10mg/kg p.o./sid

9. micelaneous
	Chloramphenicol (Chloramphenicol, Chloromycetin?, Chlorasel?, Ibemycin?)	infections with Chlamydia, Mykoplasma, Rickettsia and Bacteroides, meningo-encephalitis	30mg/kg i.m., p.o., s.c. bid mouse: 50mg/kg i.m. bid 200mg/kg p.o. bid rodents: 15-50mg/kg i.m., p.o. bid
	Sulfonamid u. Trimethoprim (Trimethoprim- Sulfonamid?, Eusaprim?, Bactrim?, Borgal?, Tribrissen?)	infections with Chlamydia, Coczidia and Toxoplasma	15-20(30) mg/kg/sid for both substances, different applications depending on preparation meningitis: 15mg/kg s.c., p.o. tid mastitis: 30mg/kg p.o. bid birds: 8mg/kg i.m., s.c. bid., 20mg/kg p.o. bid reptiles: 15-30mg/kg i.m./sid at 24?C rodents:50-120mg/kg i.m., s.c./sid 100mg/kg p.o./sid
	Nitrofurantoin (combined preparations: Urofur?, Urospasmon?, Uroclear?)	urinary tract infections	4mg/kg p.o. bid (related to Nitrofurantoin), prophylactic in cases of recurrent urinary tract infections :3-4 mg/kg/sid after last urination in the evening